Endemic Species of Indonesia

Indonesia’s national biodiversity-status report provides country-scale endemic-fauna counts for seven taxonomic groups, while also stating that national invertebrate coverage remains uneven. The figures below therefore remain source-defined group totals rather than a synthetic all-taxa endemic total. ^[S1]

{
  "type": "bar",
  "title": "Endemic share in seven national fauna groups",
  "description": "Percent of each taxonomic group reported as endemic in the national biodiversity-status table.",
  "unit": "%",
  "orientation": "horizontal",
  "min": 0,
  "max": 100,
  "data": [
    {"label": "Freshwater crustaceans", "value": 76.03},
    {"label": "Mammals", "value": 53.6},
    {"label": "Amphibians", "value": 44.7},
    {"label": "Bivalve molluscs", "value": 38.1},
    {"label": "Fishes", "value": 36.3},
    {"label": "Reptiles", "value": 33.4},
    {"label": "Birds", "value": 30.6}
  ],
  "source": "[S1] Status Kekinian Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia 2024"
}

Dataset boundaries

The national table reports 577 endemic birds ^[S1], while Burung Indonesia’s 2024 treatment reports 542 species restricted to Indonesia’s administrative territory under its HBW/BirdLife International 2023 taxonomic basis. ^[S2] The two counts should be kept separate because their taxonomic and source treatments are not identical.

Regional pattern in one national bird dataset

Within the Bappenas–BRIN national table, endemic-bird records are concentrated in Sulawesi, Maluku and Nusa Tenggara. The Java figure explicitly includes Bali. ^[S1]

{
  "type": "bar",
  "title": "Endemic bird records by Indonesian region in the national status table",
  "description": "Source-defined regional counts from the same national table; the Java value includes Bali.",
  "unit": "species",
  "orientation": "horizontal",
  "data": [
    {"label": "Sulawesi", "value": 150},
    {"label": "Maluku", "value": 126},
    {"label": "Nusa Tenggara", "value": 90},
    {"label": "Java including Bali", "value": 78},
    {"label": "Papua", "value": 72},
    {"label": "Sumatra", "value": 58},
    {"label": "Kalimantan", "value": 3}
  ],
  "source": "[S1] Status Kekinian Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia 2024"
}

Verified species-level checklist coverage

FishBase endemic-fish checklist

FishBase’s Indonesia endemic filter lists 145 species in the source snapshot used for this checklist. ^[S3] Because the country checklist is dynamic, this table is treated as a source-bounded checklist rather than a fixed national total.

Taxonomy-controlled records from a Sulawesi mammal table

The Sulawesi biodiversity-status report lists 18 threatened endemic mammals in Table 4.12. ^[S5] Sixteen accepted species-rank records are retained below after removing two rows that conflict with current specialist taxonomy or country-range treatment.

Bird additions with Indonesia-only ranges

Burung Indonesia’s 2024 update identifies four newly added birds as endemic in its treatment. Three have source-stated ranges confined to Indonesian islands and are retained here. ^[S2]

Range-verified amphibians and reptiles

These records use specialist amphibian and reptile databases that explicitly place the native range within Indonesia.

Endemic plants under the current Kew backbone

The plant records below use accepted names and native ranges in Plants of the World Online rather than cultivated or introduced occurrences.

Range and taxonomy controls

• Endemism is based on natural native distribution. Introduced, cultivated, naturalized and translocated records do not enlarge a species’ native range.
• The checklist uses species-rank records; subspecies, varieties and synonyms are not counted as separate species.
• Counts from different datasets are not added to create an Indonesia-wide endemic total.